The Major Security Issues In Malaysia Criminology Essay

The Major protective covering Issues In Malaysia Criminology EssayThe judgment of depicted object hostage involves the preparations against brats to a countrys discipline independence, territorial integrity and national s everyplaceeignty emanating from midland or outside forces or a conclave of the two. The goal of national warranter is to nourish the core values of the res publica ideology, sovereignty, territory, government regime and citizens. Buzan et al (1998) suggests that credentials is effected by factors in five major sectors military, political, economic, societal and environmental.3Since the beginning of World War twain (WWII) there have been more signifi potbellyt events across these five major sectors, which have devised Malaysias national trade protection. The most signifi stick outt of these events include the Nipp ise occupation during WWII, the communist holy terror during the Cold War, the Confrontation with Ind unmatchablesia, the 13 may 196 9 race riots and the 9/11 terrorists attacks. There atomic number 18 also many non-traditional nemesiss, both internal and external across all sectors that continue to shape Malaysias shape up to national bail today.The aim of this paper is to outline and critically evaluate the major pledge issues that have changed the outlook on, and address to national pledge in Malaysia.This essay will discuss major security issues that have mold Malaysias approach to national security since the beginning of WWII.The Nipponese influence on Malaya up to WWII had been positive in monetary value of stir Malay Nationalism and brought on the idea that Asian could altercate Hesperian powers.4However, the Japanese occupation during WWII created a lasting memory for Malaysias future selected in that it wrought their thoughts regarding the need for self-reliance in terms of security and defence.5Under British rule after the War, and on the eve of an evolving patriot movement for independe nce, Malaya was challenged by a serious internal security threat communist terrorists.The First and guerrilla Malayan Emergencies and the threat of communism are pregnant security events in the evolution of Malaysias national security. The success of the counterinsurgency ( coin) made it an example for COIN operations around the world.6Through KESBAN and RASCOM7Malaysia had schematic a upstanding of Government approach to internal security issues, generally focused on communist terrorists, however Malaysia was still dependent on external support against external accomplished threats through with(predicate) the Anglo-Malayan defense reaction engagement (AMDA) and later the Five Powers Defence Arrangement (FPDA).8Malaysias focus on COIN operations through the Malayan Emergencies made it vulnerable to external conventional threats. Although the Confrontation with Indonesia in the 1960s and the fall of Saigon following the Vietnam War failed to carry on into full-scale war f or Malaysia these events had two significant impacts on Malaysias outlook, and approach to national security. Firstly, as Malaysia was still reliant on the British to deal with external conventional threats through the AMDA and from 1971 the FPDA, they needed to assure national security by pursuing regional security through diplomatic means until its Defence Forces were sufficiently matured to deal with conventional threats. Malaysia was a key number one wood in establishing ASEAN and ZOPFAN as well as normalising ties with China and Vietnam.9Secondly, the events spurred military magnification toward developing a conventional war fighting capability.10It is diffi hysteria to see if Malaysias continued military expansion and modernisation is the result of an Asian weapons race as Soong asserts11or just the need to develop one of the smallest Defence Forces in the region12to one that is suitably self-reliant in accordance with the desires of the National Defence Policy.13Neverthel ess, the development and maintenance of a thinkable conventional war fighting capability does little when the threat to security is from within as Malaysia was sadly to learn on 13 may 1969.The 13 May 1969 race riots are said to be one of the darkest moments in Malaysian history.14The reasons for the riots are many and varied but can be summarised as racial indifference regarding national language, Malay surplus rights, citizenship rights, and education policy. In essence, the tensions between the Malays and Chinese grew out of the perceived or actual threat posed to each races existence either through a lack of policy or policy itself. In terms of national security, racial tensions had been bubbling away in the background of other(a) more conventional threats such as Communism and the Confrontation with Indonesia.15 no matter of the causes of the riots this watershed moment, Malaysian political life was refashioned, the whole notion of internal security took on another dimensio n,16based on race relations. racial tensions have continued to challenge Malaysias approach to internal security with the 1998 Muslim-Hindu action in Kumpang Rawa, Penang the 2001 Taman Medan Incident the run-ins with HINDRAF and more recently the protests in Kuala Lumpur on 27 February 2011 regarding disparaging remarks against Malay Indians in the school text book and fiction Interlok.17In sum, there were 1060 racial incidents in 2010 involving Malays, Chinese and Indians that continue to peril Malaysias political stability and social harmony.18In so much as the 13 May 1969 was a wakeup call to significant internal security issues that threaten political stability and social harmony the fix appears to be more oriented on policing rather than policy.19Hence, a ticking period bomb remains so long as the lid of policing on the boiling pot of racial inequity has a political20 incinerate that remains unattended.The 11 September 2001 attacks not merely changed Malaysias outlook on, and approach to national security but that of the West and much of the developing world.21The threat to Malaysia from this event and later the Bali bombings in 2002 and 2005, the Jakarta JW Marriot bombing in 2003 and the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta was two fold. First was the fact that Malaysia, homogeneous any other country, could be a target of violent non-state actors (VNSA).22Secondly, and more alarming was that Malaysia was a predominantly Muslim state and could be colligate to radical Islamic groups such as Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (KMM) and Jemaah Islamiah (JI) and their alleged connection with Al-Qaeda. such(prenominal) allegations and proof of links could erode investor confidence in Malaysia and be economically and politically devastating.23These fears were later realised when it was discovered that two of the masterminds behind the Indonesian bombings were Malaysians.24Malaysias response was to establish the Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter act of terrorism (SEARCCT) in July 2003.25Today there are a number of security issues that continue to shape Malaysias approach to national security. The complex overlapping claims over the resource rich Spratly Islands (and the claim to Sabah by the Philippines) has seen the Malaysian Armed Forces kick in significant air, sea and troop assets in the region to defend and protect its claims, particularly on the Ardasier, Mariveles and Swallow Reefs.26Further civil (through the Maritime Enforcement manner (MEA) and Naval sea and air assets remain committed to patrolling and enforcing Malaysias sea lines of communication and its Economic Exclusion Zones (EEZ) from piracy and illegal fishing. Stretching these security assets however are issues such as organised crime, illegal immigrants, smuggling, and sea pollution. Malaysias Navy, airforce and MEA continue to receive sizeable proportions of the Defence and Security budgets to modernise and detonate to deal with these threats.27O ther non-traditional and non-military threats continue increasing and thus shape Malaysias approach to security. These include smuggling goods and services, illegal immigration, drug trafficking, communicable diseases, deviant and cult groups, extremism, refugees, ethnic conflicts, environment disasters, cyber crime and several other illegal activities that can be categorised as organised crime. These threats have seen Malaysias approach to security focus more toward non-military threats in recent years.28If there is a lesson to be relearned from the past for Malaysia regarding an approach to national security it is the need for a holistic approach as was evident with the implementation of KESBAN in response to the Second Malayan Emergency. Malaysias defence management has a clear chain of ask from the National Security Council (NSC) through to the lowest rungs of the Armed Forces and Police Force.29Security management is problematic, however. Eight ministries/agencies and 12 depar tments are responsible for the security of Malaysia.30frankincense creates the problem where interagency barriers hinder the timely application of force against a threat from a particular threat sector based on the premature dissemination of intelligence31and generally poor coordination.32Although, there is a significant level of cooperation between individual agencies responsible for national security it is only achieved at an interagency level rather than through the chain of command33. expiryThere have been several major security issues that have shaped the outlook and approach to security in Malaysia since WWII. The Japanese invasion shaped thought and provided the desire for self-reliance, the Malayan Emergencies shaped and horde a whole of Government approach to national security, the Confrontation and the US withdrawal from Vietnam drove Military expansion for security and defence toward countering external conventional threats and the damn 13 May 1969 shaped Malaysias app roach back toward internal security issues. More recently, the 9/11 attacks and myriad other non-conventional and non-military threats continue to challenge and shape Malaysias approach to national security. Of note are the internal threats to security where the approach appears to be policing over policy. The author believes that unless positive and clear go along is made in these areas that racial tensions will again boil to the surface.