Applying Models of Health Promotion to Improve Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Led Campaign in Reducing Obesity in Socioeconomically Deprived Areas

Abstr feignThis essay aims to determine how distinguishable sets of wellness procession earth-closet be used to improve speciality of pharmacist-led campaigning in reducing fleshiness in socioeconomically deprive atomic number 18as. The wellness stamp, changes of present and bionomical approaches models argon some models discussed in this brief. These models are suggested to be powerful in bear outning pharmacist-led campaigns for fleshiness in the companionship. This essay as well as discusses the impact of obesity on case-by-cases and the community and its prevalence in socio-economically divest groups. Challenges associated with up rail of firm doings are discussed along with possible interventions for obesity. It is suggested that a multi-faceted, community base intervention will plausibly lead to a successful campaign a fetchst obesity. accessBlenkinsopp et al. (2000) explain that wellness onward motion is aimed at maintaining and enhancing good wellnes s in order to prevent ill health. wellness promotion encompasses polar issues and activities that influence the health outcomes of individuals and society. health promotion involves the human beings and imple custodytation of health and social apportion policies that are deemed to prevent distempers and recruit the natural, social and mental health of the people. Blenkinsopp et al. (2000) observe that pharmacists are perceived to feature of import roles as health promoters in the community. Since health promotion incorporates a range of transactions that are aimed in promoting health, it is essential to understand the role of pharmacists in promoting health. In this essay, a focus is made on health promotion for individuals suffering from obesity in socioeconomically strip areas. A word of honor on the different models of health promotion will alike be d genius. The first part of this brief discusses models of health promotion period the guerilla part critically anal yses how these models can be used to underpin pharmacist-led campaigns in reducing obesity. The last part of this essay will summarise the primal points raised in this essay.Models of health PromotionBlenkinsopp et al. (2003) argue that, in the past, perspectives of pharmacists on ill-health takes the biomedical model approach to health. This model considers ill health as a biomedical line (Goodson, 2009) and hence, technologies and medicines are used to cure the disease. Pharmacists are regarded as experts in terms of their knowledge on a health power and its cure. Hence, when the biomedical model is used, pharmacists response to a health-related query likely takes the disease-oriented approach to medical treatment and referral. This approach limits the caveat and interventions for the endurings. Bond (2000) observes that while non necessarily inappropriate for pharmacy practice, the biomedical approach results to medicalisation of health.This message that health and illnes s are both determined biologically. It should be note that the primary function of pharmacists is to dispense medications. Hence, when making health-related advice to patients, this often involves information on medications appropriate to the health conditions of the patient. However, the role of pharmacists in providing medicines has expanded to include advice on the therapeutic uses of medications and information on how to maintain optimal health (Levin et al., 2008). Taylor et al. (2004) as well as reiterates that pharmacists are beginning to promote health through patient genteelness that supports positive behaviour and actions related to health.This new approach is consistent with health models for individuals such as health belief model and stages of change. The health belief model t distributivelyes that individuals claim to acknowledge the perceived threat and severity of the disease and how positive health behaviour can give them benefits (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). The benefits of the new behaviour should outweigh perceived barriers to the physical activeness behaviours (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). This model requires that individuals redeem cues to action to admirer oneself them adapt a new behaviour and gain self-efficacy. The latter(prenominal) is important since individuals suffering from degenerative conditions need to develop self-efficacy to help them falsify their condition and prevent complications (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). It is well established that obesity, as a chronic condition, is a risk factor for development of display case 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, orthopaedic abnormalities and some form of cancer ( department of wellness, 2009). When individuals receive capable patient education on obesity and the risks associated with this condition, it is believed that they will take actions to manage the condition. speckle the health belief model has gained success in helping individuals take positive actions re garding their health, Naidoo and Wills (2009) emphasises that patient education alone or informing them on the severity and their susceptibility of the disease may not be sufficient in changing or sustaining behaviour. Although individuals are informed on the benefits of the health behaviour, there is still a need to consider how environmental factors help shape health behaviour. It should be considered that obesity is a multifactorial bother and environmental factors play crucial roles in its development. general health England (2014) notes that in the last 25 years, the prevalence of obesity has more than doubled. This rapid ontogenesis in overweight and obesity prevalence shows that in 2010, all 30.9% of the men in the UK have basal metabolic index (BMI) within the sinewy range (Public Health England, 2014). In contrast, the proportion of men with healthy BMI in 1993 was 41.0%. Amongst women, proportion of women with healthy BMI in 1993 was 49.5% but this dropped to 40.5% in 2010. It has been shown that almost a third or 26.1% of UKs population is obese. If current trends are not addressed, it is projected that by 2050, 60% of adults will be obese (Public Health England, 2014). The effects of obesity are well established not that on the health of individuals but in addition on the cost of armorial bearing and management of complications arising from this condition (Public Health England).Managing obesity at the individual take is necessary to help individuals adopt a healthier lifestyle. It has been shown that a dieting rich in fruits and vegetables (Department of Health, 2011) and engagement in structured physical activities (De Silva-Sanigorski, 2011) improve health outcomes of obese or overweight individuals. The stages of change model (Goodson, 2009) could be used to promote health amongst this group. This model states that adoption of healthy behaviours such as engagement in regular physical activity or consumption of healthier nourishment re quires eliminating unhealthy ones. The readiness of an individual is crucial on whether people will progress through the five levels of stage of change model. These levels include pre-contemplation, contemplation fol first-class honours degreeed by preparation, action and maintenance (Goodson, 2009). divergent strategies are suggested for separately level to assist an individual progress to the bring home the bacon stage.It has been shown that prevalence of obesity is highest amongst those living in disadvantaged areas in the UK and those with low socio-economic precondition (Department of Health, 2010, 2009). Families with ethnic minority origins are also at increase risk of obesity compared to the general white population in the republic (Department of Health, 2010, 2009). This presents a challenge for healthcare practitioners since individuals living in poverty travel to the vulnerable groups (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). It is suggested that development of obesity amongst t his group could be related to their diet. Energy-dense food is cheaper compared to the recommended fruits and vegetables. In recent years, the Department of Health (2011) has promoted consumption of 5 different types of fruits and vegetables each day. However, the cost of maintaining this type of diet is high when compared to buying energy-dense food. The problem of obesity also has the greatest impact on children from low-income families. Research by Jones et al. (2010) has shown a strong link between exposures to commercials of junk foods with despicable take habits. It is noteworthy that many children in low-income families are exposed to long hours of tv set compared to children born to more affluent families (Adams et al., 2012).The multi-factorial nature of obesity suggests that management of this condition should also take a holistic approach and should not yet be limited to health promotion models designed to promote individual health. Hence, identifying different models appropriate for communities would also be necessary to address obesity amongst socio-economically deprive families. One of models that also address factors present in the community or environment of the individual is the ecological approaches model (Goodson, 2009). Family, workplace, community, economics, beliefs and traditions and the social and physical environments all influence the health of an individual (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). The levels of influence in the ecological approaches model are described as intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community and public policy. Addressing obesity amongst socio-economically deprived individuals through the ecological approaches model will ensure that each level of influence is recognised and addressed.Pharmacist-led Campaigns in Reducing fleshinessThe health belief, stages of change and the ecological approaches models can all be used to underpin pharmacist-led campaigns in reducing obesity for communities that are socio-econo mically deprived. Blenkinsopp et al. (2003) state that community pharmacists have a pivotal role in articulating the needs of individuals with special(prenominal) health conditions in their communities. Pharmacists can lobby at local and national levels and act as supporters of local groups who work for health improvement. However, the work of the pharmacists can also be influenced by their own beliefs, perceptions and practices. Blenkinsopp et al. (2003) emphasise that when working in communities with deprived individuals, the pharmacists should also consider how their own socioeconomic status influence the type of care they provide to the utility users. They should also consider whether differences in socio-economic status have an impact on the care received the patients. There should also be a consideration if there are differences in the culture, educational level and vocabulary of service users and pharmacists. Differences might influence the quality of care received by the p atients for instance, differences in culture could easily lead to miscommunication and poor quality of care (Taylor et al., 2004).Bond (2000) expresses the need for pharmacists to examine the needs of each service user and how they can empower individuals to seek for healthcare go and meet their own needs. In community settings, it is essential to increase the self-efficacy of service users. Self-efficacy is described as the belief of an individual that they are capable of attaining specific goals through modifying their behaviour and adopting specific behaviours (Lubkin and Larsen, 2011). In relation to addressing obesity amongst socio-economically deprived individuals, pharmacists can use the different models to help individuals identify their needs and quit them to gain self-efficacy. For example, pharmacists can use the health belief model to recrudesce individuals on the consequences of obesity. On the other hand, the stages of change model can be utilised to help individual s changed their eating behaviour and improve their physical activities. using up of behaviours such as healthy eating and increase physical activities are not always optimal despite concerted efforts of communities and policymakers (Reilly et al., 2006). It is suggested that changing ones behaviour require holistic and multifaceted interventions aimed at increasing self-efficacy of families and allowing them to take positive actions (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). There is evidence (Tucker et al., 2006 Barkin et al., 2012 Davison et al., 2013 Zhou et al., 2014) that multifaceted community-based interventions aimed at families are more likely to improve behaviour and reduce incidence of obesity than single interventions. Community-based interventions can be supported with the ecological approaches model. This model recognises that ones family, community, the environment, policies and other environment-related factors influence the health of the individuals. To date, the Department of Healt h (2010) through its Healthy Lives, Healthy People policy reiterates the importance of maintaining an nimble and healthy lifestyle to prevent obesity. This policy allows local communities to take business and be accountable for the health of its community members.Pharmacists are not only limited to dispensing advice on medications for obesity but to also facilitate a healthier lifestyle. This could be done through collaboration with other healthcare professionals in the community (Goodson, 2009). A multidisciplinary approach to health has been suggested to be effective in promoting positive health outcomes of service users (Zhou et al., 2014). As discussed in this essay, pharmacists can facilitate the access of service users to activities and programmes designed to prevent obesity amongst members in the community. Finally, pharmacists have integral roles in health promotion and are not limited to dispensing medications or provide counselling on pharmacologic therapies. Their roles have expanded to include providing patients with holistic interventions and facilitating uptake of health and social care services designed to manage and prevent obesity in socio-economically deprived individuals.ConclusionIn conclusion, pharmacists can use the different health promotion models to address obesity amongst individuals with lower socioeconomic status. The use of these models will help pharmacists provide holistic interventions to this group and address their individual needs. The different health promotion models discussed in this essay shows that it is crucial to allow service users gain self-efficacy. This will empower them to take positive actions regarding their health. Finally, it is suggested that a multi-faceted, community based intervention will likely lead to a successful campaign against obesity.ReferencesAdams, J., Tyrrell, R., Adamson, A. &038 White, M. (2012). Socio-economic differences in exposure to television food advertisements in the UK a cross-sect ional study of advertisements broadcast in one television region. Public Health Nutrition, 15(3), 487-494.Barkin, S., Gesell, S., Poe, E., Escarfuller, J. &038 Tempesti, T. (2012). Culturally tailored, family-centred, behavioural obesity intervention for Latino-American Preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 130(3), 445-456.Blenkisopp, A., Panton, R. &038 Anderson, C. (2000). Health Promotion for Pharmacists, second ed. Oxford Oxford University Press.Blenkisopp, A., Andersen, C. &038 Panton, R. (2003). Promoting Health. In K. Taylor &038 G. 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